Us RSC Publishing alternative viagra woman Members Education Science return who use viagra false;" onKeyPress="JavaScript:redirect('frmare florida in line sale viagra as','area'); return false;" /> ELECTRIC CARS pill price viagra HOPING FOR LITHIUM ION REVOLUTION 19 September 2007 Try to imagine confidential fast online prescription viagra the frustration of having a cutting-edge technology at your disposal which promises to reduce greenhouse gas emissions - but no batteries to power it.Don't have to imagine it.Have the know-how to build plug-in hybrid electric allowed comment html leave viagra vehicles (PHEVs), which run primarily on electricity but also havebustion engines for driving longer distances.That one final - and buy in uk viagra cyber pharmacy viagra online sales viagra essential - piece of the PHEV puzzle is missing: the batteries just aren't good enough.Auto giant General Motors is betting that chemists are close to solving the puzzle, by developing rechargeable batteries that are safe, robust, long-lasting, and inexpensive.Heavily in two batterypanies with viagra use rival technologies in the hope at least one of them can power its planned Opel Flextreme hybrid car, unveiled at the Frankfurt IAA auto show last week.Flextreme is slated for a 2010 launch, along with its counterpart hybrid in the US, the Chevrolet Volt.Lograsso, manager of hybrid energy storage systems for GM, hints that meeting the goal will be challenging, with battery cell development now entering a key phase.The next 12 months will be critical,' he told _Chemistry World_.Manufacturers already offer hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) without plug-in charging capability.Rely on theirbustion engines, and energy diverted from braking, to charge nickel metal hydride (NiMH) batteries, which are generally safe but only hold enough charge for relatively short stretches of travel viagra free pill time.Conversely, PHEVs are likely to use lithium ion batteries, already widely used in laptopputers and mobile telephones.Are charged by using an electrical potential to push lithium ions through viagra prescription online an electrolyte from cathode to anode, where they intercalate with a crystalline material (such as graphite).Discharged through an external circuit when the ions return to the cathode.Flextreme was unveiled by CEO of GM in Europe Carl Peter Forster on 11 September 2007 (c) AP Photo/Michael Probst Yet Li ion batteries are less durable and less safe than NiMH batteries, and can be prone to overheating and fire, a risk that can increase in the larger, higher density cells needed to power cars.Batteries must also have a life of at least 10 years, added Lograsso.Thepeting battery developmentse in.Aim to refine the lithium ion battery within the next couple of years so that it fits the needs of the 21st century motorist.First on the grid is A123Systems of Watertown, Massachusetts, co-founded by MIT materials scientist Yet-Ming Chiang.Is developing cells using a proprietary cathode for a lithium ion cell made from a 'nanophosphate' material - particles alternative female viagra of doped lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) less than 100 nanometers in size, coated onto an aluminium electrode.Lithium ion cells use cathodes with particle size around 5 micrometres in size, said Ric Fulop, co-founder and vice president of business development at A123.More, the doping improves the material's conductivity by several orders of magnitude, he added.Anode is carbon based attorney blindness viagra , but is optimized with 'special additives' making it different from traditional graphite anodes, Fulop said.Technology offers both higher power per weight/volume and better abuse tolerance - safety.Already uses the technology to produce 10 million cells per year for smaller applications, such as power tools.Is a lot of engineering work ahead of us .Take small cells into larger cells,' conceded Fulop.That work goes well, A123's batteries would ultimately be manufactured for GM by Frankfurt, Germany-based Continental Automotive Systems.PACTPETITION But GM has also has signed a development contract withpact Power, of Troy, Michigan, which would produce battery packs from cells manufactured by its parentpany, Korean-based LG Chem.Use lithium manganese oxide (LiMn2O4), a material that has traditionally been ruled out because it could not survive at least ten years of use demanded by car manufacturers, said Mohamed Alamgir,pact Power's research director.Using proprietary approaches, we have been able to improve this so that our cells based on this cathode are state-of-the-art with respect to performance free sample viagra , life and cost.Is not the only factor determining performance and cost.Technology also uses a 'proprietary separator that provides protection from internal shorts', added Alamgir, a problem responsible for recent massive recalls of small format lithium-ion laptop batteries.Optimistic that at least one of their partners wille up with a viable battery solution.He says GM is still keeping its options open: 'This field is developing very quickly,' he said.Are seeing otherpanies develop solutions and they are staying in the chase too.Is expected to be huge when automakers are finally able to bring viagra discount sale PHEVs to market.Swaminathan, team leader of the North American Energy & Power Systems Group at global consulting firm Frost & Sullivan, says annual battery market turnover for powering hybrid autos is expected to reach $1.Billion in the next 10 years._Interesting?
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